THE AMAZON

Amazon River, Brazil, Credit: NASA, Landsat.org, Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University

AMAZON DEFORESTATION

NASA SATELLITE DATA PROVIDES RAPID ANALYSIS OF AMAZON DEFORESTATION

In the Brazilian Amazon alone, where the growth of cattle ranching and cropland agriculture are the primary causes of forest clearing, annual clear-cutting and burning of forests cover about 7,700 square miles or about the area of New Jersey.

September 13, 2005 - NASA

The Brazilian Amazon 2001 forest cover. Map subsets show 2002 Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Credit: Doug Morton, University of Maryland

Deforestation in Mato Grosso 2002 - 2004. Credit: Doug Morton, University of Maryland.

From the rainforests around the Amazon River (top) in Brazil, through the central highlands and into Bolivia to the southwest, numerous fires were burning throughout the region on 9/8/2002. The fires were detected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra satellite. Their locations are marked with red dots. Thick smoke and clouds are shrouding the highlands in the southern portion. Credit: Jesse Allen, based on data from the MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA-GSFC

On August 11, 2002, scores of fires (marked with red dots) burned in Mato Grosso Brazil. Smoke blankets the Amazon at the left of the image as deforestation continue to along the margins. Credit: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team, NASA / GSFC

The Amazon, a vast tropical forest stretching across South America, is so large that if you were to take pictures of the region with optical photographs, it would take about ten years to get a composite image of the area. To make matters worse, its landscape is constantly evolving. So, scientists have learned to seek answers about this fragile ecosystem with the help of powerful eyes above—satellites.

This technology continues to advance, and a new study shows that NASA satellite images can allow scientists to more quickly and accurately assess deforestation in the Amazon.

Researchers from the University of Maryland-College Park, Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE) of Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil, and South Dakota State University, Brookings, S.D., compared multiple years of data from NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites to data collected from the high-resolution Landsat satellite. They found that MODIS images can rapidly and reliably detect changes in Amazon land cover.

Unlike MODIS data, analyses of high spatial resolution data demand extensive storage and processing requirements. And, in tropical forest regions, image quality is often reduced by cloud cover and infrequent coverage of high-resolution images. But MODIS obtains images of the Amazon up to four times per day and evaluations of the quality of data are provided with the image, clearly marking areas of clouds, water, or high aerosols. These impacts are further minimized with daily composites created through the combination of individual images.

While high resolution imagery is still needed when estimating the total area of deforestation or when identifying small clearings, “the most exciting finding of this study is that it shows MODIS can permit regional analyses of land cover in a matter of days, a substantial reduction in effort in comparison to the months now required with Landsat,” said Douglas Morton, scientist at the University of Maryland-College Park and lead author of the new study.

Deforestation rates in tropical Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America have remained constant or have increased over the past two decades, altering global carbon and climate while elevating the need for frequent and accurate assessment of forest loss. In the Brazilian Amazon alone, where the growth of cattle ranching and cropland agriculture are the primary causes of forest clearing, annual clear-cutting and burning of forests cover about 7,700 square miles or about the area of New Jersey.

This study found a marked trend of larger and more extensive deforestation events between 2001 and 2004 in Mato Grosso State, Brazil, which was later confirmed on the ground. Information like this is so valuable to scientists because the Amazon literally drives weather systems around the world.

The tropics receive two-thirds of the world’s rainfall, and when it rains, water changes from liquid to vapor and back again, storing and releasing heat energy in the process. With so much rainfall, an incredible amount of heat is released into the atmosphere—making the tropics the Earth’s primary source of heat redistribution. And, because of the Amazon’s location, any sort of weather hiccup from the area could signal serious changes for the rest of the world like droughts and severe storms.

Global climate is also affected when Amazon burning practices to clear fields for farming result in large fires that create air pollution and release tiny particles, known as aerosols. Aerosols can both heat and cool the air, depending on size, shape and color.

Building on the results of this study, Brazil’s INPE has developed a near or almost real time monitoring application for deforestation detection known as the DETER system.

While this study highlights the challenges of monitoring deforestation and the use of MODIS data in the Amazon, it also shows that similar MODIS analyses could form the basis for a wide array of regional studies in a highly-automated fashion, with both scientific and decision-making utility.